Shattered chromosome cures woman of immune disease

Call it a scientific oddity—or a medical miracle. A girl who grew up with a serious genetic immune disease was apparently cured in her 30s by one of her chromosomes shattering into pieces and reassembling. Scientists traced the woman’s improvement to the removal of a harmful gene through this scrambling of DNA in one of her blood stem cells—a recently identified phenomenon that until now had only been linked to cancer. The woman, who lives in Cincinnati, Ohio, suffered from recurring bacterial infections as a child. Back then, doctors found that she had abnormally low levels of certain white blood cells needed to fight invading microbes. The 9-year-old’s illness, described in two reports in 1964 inThe New England Journal of Medicine, was the first known case of what is now called WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis) syndrome. In this extremely rare disease—only about 60 cases are known worldwide—patients live into adulthood, but they can develop lung scarring, hearing loss, and other health problems from the frequent infections. Those with WHIM are also highly susceptible to the human papillomavirus, which causes warts on their skin and genital areas that sometimes turn cancerous. In 2003, researchers linked WHIM to a gene calledCXCR4, which codes for a cell surface protein that immune cells use to recognise chemical messengers called chemokines. In WHIM, patients have one normal copy ofCXCR4and a defective copy that causes the receptor to be overactive—it doesn’t shut off when it’s supposed to. This somehow causes white blood cells to “get stuck” in the bone marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, says Philip Murphy, an immunologist at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland. Murphy and colleagues have studied WHIM patients at the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH’s) Clinical Centre to better understand the disease and develop a possible treatment with a drug that inhibitsCXCR4. Two years ago, they heard from a woman who said she wanted to bring in her two daughters for evaluation because they had inherited the disease. The woman was that first WHIM patient, now 59 years old. Her two daughters in their early 20s did indeed have classic symptoms of WHIM, such as warts on their hands, and their blood cells carried the mutation inCXCR4that usually causes it. But as for their mother, “When we asked a very simple question—‘How was she doing?’—she said she was fine,” Murphy recalls.

She had not had warts or serious infections since her late 30s. “At this point we got very, very interested,” he says. The NIH team began sleuthing. To its surprise, the woman’s white blood cells no longer had the faultyCXCR4mutation, although other cell types still carried it. Examining the chromosomes in her apparently normal white blood cells, they found an anomaly: One copy of chromosome 2 was about 15% shorter than the other copy. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that it had become scrambled and lost a chunk that included the defectiveCXCR4 and 163 other normal genes. The explanation seems to be chromothripsis, a phenomenon discovered only 4 years ago in a leukaemia patient and occasionally seen in other cancers. A chromosome somehow shatters during cell replication, then reassembles with the pieces in a different order. Presumably, the cells typically die as a result of this damage, Murphy says. If the cell survives, the scrambled genes may contribute to cancer. In this case, however,the chromosome shattering seems to have occurred in a blood stem cell, which then replicated to give her a supply of normal white blood cells. The missing copy ofCXCR4also appears to explain why the cells now constitute all of her white blood cells, the NIH researchers say. They showed that transplants of stem cells lacking one copy ofCXCR4 engraft better in mice than stem cells with two normal copies or a normal copy and the WHIM version, they report online in the journal Cell. Murphy says the woman’s case shows that chromothripsis can be curative, and it’s worth checking for it in patients with other rare diseases who spontaneously get better. It also suggests that disabling one copy ofCXCR4could improve efforts to treat diseases such as sickle cell anaemia by editing a genetic defect in blood stem cells and returning the cells to the patient. Deleting one copy ofCXCR4while repairing the broken gene could make the transplant engraft more readily, Murphy says. “Very interesting,” says clinical geneticist George Diaz of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, who identifiedCXCR4mutations as the cause of WHIM. He says the woman’s recovery reminds him of the story of theBerlin patient, an HIV-positive man who developed leukaemia, then became virus-free after receiving a bone marrow transplant from a donor lacking a chemokine receptor that HIV needs to enter cells. The improved engraftment in mice lacking one copy ofCXCR4, Diaz adds, “could definitely have clinical applications downstream.”

Science News, 5 February 2015 ;http://www.sciencenews.org ;